Eating Disorders Among Different Cultures Annotated...

1.Simpson, K. (2002). Anorexia nervosa and culture. Journal Of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 9(1), 65-71. This article describes how unrealistic standards of attractiveness set by Western society are internalized by women from a variety of cultural backgrounds and translated into fat-phobia and body dissatisfaction and then discusses alternative cultural influences for food refusal such as issues of control, acculturation, and religious asceticism. The author claims that there is a need for culturally sensitive questionnaires and diagnostic criteria and suggests that the notion of anorexia as a culture bound syndrome is no longer valid as the illness as been identified in a number of non-western societies. A valid point is made†¦show more content†¦In addition the authors point out that it may be empowering for the client to understand her eating and body concerns in the context of the her socio-political environment. An important component of the therapeutic process is to help these women develop a critical view that will translate into a sense of e mpowerment. Results are limited by the fact that questionnaires used were developed mainly with European American samples and administered online. (Done Treatment) 3.Halliwell, E., Harvey, M. (2006). Examination of a sociocultural model of disordered eating among male and female adolescents. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(1359107), 235-48. The authors use an adaptation of Stice’s (1994) socio-cultural model of disordered eating that includes social comparisons, self-reports of body mass index and perceived weight status and examine how these components affect this model. Data obtained from a sample of 250 girls and 275 boys, ages between 11-16, revealed that pressure to loose weight is linked to eating behavior, social comparison, internalization and body dissatisfaction. Social comparisons were strongly connected to body dissatisfaction for adolescents who considered themselves to be overweight. There were considerable gender discrepancies, with girls being more affected by body dissatisfaction andShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Ruining America?2145 Words   |  9 Pages2013). Many people have blamed this problem on different things, but one of the most obvious and most agreed on reason is the amount of processed food that Americans consume. Processed foods are everywhere in today’s culture. It is impossible to turn on the television or drive anywhere without some type of processed fattening food being forced upon you. Processed food is not only causing obesity and health problems, but is also causing a lazy trend among Americans and wiping out small farms all acrossRead MoreExamining Contending Views on Human Nature: Mancius vs. Xunzi1872 Words   |  8 Pagesa killer’s intentions for committing heinous crimes originate from the fact that he has a tendency towards naturally incompetency, or if outside influences turned a naturally well-to-do individual into a ill-willed murderer. Mencius and Xunzi are among the most notable Confucian scholars, yet their differing views on this philosophical conundrum set them apart. Mencius maintained an optimistic stance on humans, while Xunzi believed that humans were ill-willed by nature and in need of rigorous moralRead MoreThe Impact of Obesity on a Persons Lifestyle3449 Words   |  14 PagesObesity is an issue of public concern because of the threat it has towards the physical and the mental health, to the relationship, development and the overall well being of an individual. It is not only limited to a particular age group, gender, culture or a part of the globe. Instead, every individual is in danger to its bad affects. Research Question To what extent does obesity affect a persons lifestyle? The impact of obesity on health: One of the major consequences of obesity is its impactRead MoreWomens Fitness Magazines Essay5258 Words   |  22 Pagesstrive to obtain in order to be healthy and fit. However, fitness magazines do not always show models with these stats. Fitness magazines, however, have a different image of what the terms fit and healthy mean. When looking through the index of Fitness, many articles show how to lose weight and look good. Shape’s content is not much different. Women with hardly any body fat fill magazines. They all wear revealing outfits which display their sex appeal. With the images shown in fitness magazinesRead MoreInformation Technology Implementation Issues: an Analysis45771 Words   |  184 Pagesparents, James and Marilyn Beaumaster Whose support made this endeavor possible. To my family and friends, Aaron, Tracey, Karen, Keith, Elaine, Laura, Jack, and Caroline All of who were instrumental in helping me achieve this goal in so many different ways. ii Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................. page(s) i Dedication...............................................................................Read MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 PagesThe Joint Commission has made several efforts, both past and present, to better understand individual patients’ needs and to provide guidance for organizations working to address those needs. The Joint Commission first focused on studying language, culture, and health literacy issues, but later expanded its scope of work to include the broader issues of effective communication, cultural competence, and patientand family-centered care (see Table 1, page 2). No longer considered to be simply a patient’sRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 Pagesproposals, assuming that the research involved is empirical research in some area of social science. The idea of empirical research is discussed in Section previous page page_1 next page Page 2 1.2.1. The ideas of social science, and of different social science areas which use empirical research, are discussed in Section 1.2.4. To achieve its purpose, the book is organized around three central themes: What is a research proposal, who reads proposals and why (Chapter 2)? How can we go aboutRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesthe accounting literature, taking forward the British tradition of economic theorizing in financial accounting as well as being a constant source of creative thinking in the management accounting field. Michael has also contributed in a number of different institutional arenas: the academic, of course, but also those of the profession and the wider public sphere. Ever helpful to regulators, the senior civil service, and international agencies, Michael Bromwich is respected for the ways in which he

Cultural Autobiography Of My Life - 1313 Words

Cultural Autobiography How does a person begin to write a narrative of their own life, relating events and ideas back to their own culture? Well, first, I’d like to give some baseline information about myself. I am a white, middle-class, educated, mid-western, Christian female athlete. I come from a traditional family with a mother, father, one brother, and two sisters. Taking those characteristics into account, I would say that I am a privileged member of society, and being privileged has been part of my culture. In addition, the largest influences on my life and worldview were my family, school, church, and the area I grew up. First of all, being in a white, Midwestern, middle class family already put me in the dominant group in†¦show more content†¦I am confident in my religious beliefs, but I also am careful to listen to others who may have opposing views. I think as a society in general, we all could benefit from hearing ideas that contradict and challenge our worldviews in order to better ourselves and the people around us. On another note, I would say my life is very similar in terms of culture to the members of my family. Most of my family is white and middle class, besides one uncle who married into the family who is Ghanaian. My parents both had siblings like me, some type of religious influence, and both received a college education. I inherited many of my skills and hobbies from them as well. As a young female, there have been significant historical events that have affected me as a woman in American society. First of all, the suffrage movement back in the early 1900’s was a huge step in equality between men and women. Having the right to vote was only the first step, and that same mentality of fighting for equality has trickled down through the decade into the feminist movement of today. I believe that people should have equal opportunity, no matter their gender, race, sexuality, or other category. This also ties into what issues are important to me as a woman and a human being. I would ne ver want to work for a company with discriminatory hiring, unequalShow MoreRelatedCultural Autobiography : My Life Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pages CULTURAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY I was born in a small rural village in Western Nepal. A typical unprivileged society of Nepal, my then village was a consortium of poverty, illiteracy, and discrimination. I was a bit fortunate to have born in a middle-class family that could at least boast sufficient resources for subsistence and some savings. For people in my village, the most generous gift that god could bestow was the birthRead MoreEssay Benjamin Franklins Autobiography 1120 Words   |  5 PagesBenjamin Franklins Autobiography as your typical rags to riches tale yet, the truth and falsehood throughout the pages is unknown, raising many questions and concerns. As this book was written in segments over a stretched period of time, we must analyze this account of his life, the struggles and successes which took place, and the outcome of such record in order to appreciate the literary and historical value of Americas Renaissance man, Benjamin Franklin. Enhancing ones life was inherently importantRead MoreSemiautobiographical Work- Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza by Gloria Anzaldà ºa1286 Words   |  6 Pagescomposition would be genre. The genres and literary forms for this book were put into the following categories: semi-autobiography, memoir, poetry (confessional versus conceptual), myths, subjective journalism, Mexican sayings (dichos), critical ethnography, historical narrative, personal narrative, and auto historia. This is a semi-autobiography and a memoir because it is a story of Anzaldà ºa’s life written by her that focuses on the memories of her experiences and feelings, and combines all of this with historicalRead MoreThe Spiritual Autobiography By John Knight955 Words   |  4 Pagesconstruct the spiritual autobiography, I would start with the events, the people and the places that influenced the relationship with God or a higher being. According to Knight, those who were raised in a religious home t heir journey starts at birth and grows through age. (Knight, 2011) Parents who teach their children about God and who pray with them and worship with them have a close relationship with their God. Knight also states that should you find God later in life you may attribute that toRead MoreWes Moore : A Life Sentence For Murder859 Words   |  4 Pagesanother, they slowly begin to diverge in separate direction that ultimately has one of the Wes Moore’s serving a life sentence for murder (Moore, 2011). Wes Moore, the author of the autobiography, begins his story about his parents, and eventually the loss of his father. Which leads to his mother moving him the family to New York to help raise the children while she tries to pull her own life together. After this event, you can see the slow change in Wes Moore as he begins to skip school and commitRead MoreFirstly, Antidiva Is An Autobiography, By Carole Pope1406 Words   |  6 PagesFirstly, Antidiva is an autobiography, written by Carole Pope. Note: this book is not a biography. The key difference between a biography and an autobiography is that, in an autobiography, the author is telling a story about themselves, their own life. As opposed to a biography, where someone write an account of another’s life. Being aware this book is an autobiography is incredibly important if you consider the concepts of â€Å"truth† and reliable narrators. Antidiva is Pope’s account, memories, andRead MoreThe Biology Building A t The University Of North Florida1408 Words   |  6 Pagescourtyard, my favorite place on the whole campus, I will conduct an autoethnography. In my autoethnography I will analyze what about the courtyard I love so much and what those things convey about my relationship with myself and others as well as my position within society. Autoethnographies combine elements of both autobiographies and ethnographies. Specifically, autoethnographies are academic essays that are introspective and narrative-oriented looks at the self, much like autobiographies and memoirsRead MoreMy Beloved World, by Sonia Sotomayor1415 Words   |  6 Pagesinstitutions so the concept of including minorities in higher education was almost non-existent. My Beloved World, by Sonia Sotomayor shows the challenges that a first generation, Puerto Rican, lower socioeconomic female had during this time. Through her autobiography she shows the struggles she faced throughout her life, focusing on her application to college, college experience and insight into her cultural background. My Beloved World present the ideology of White Supremacy and other phenomenon’s such asRead MoreAutobiography of a Face1324 Words   |  6 Pagesidea she might die, even though the survival rate for Ewings sarcoma was only five percent. She does not present her parents as overly afraid for her life, either. Her autobiography is not a story about the fear of death, but about such courage and anguish. Lucy shows how she falls under the spell of her disability, allowing it to control her life and dictate her future to a greater extent than it would otherwise. Having a disability means that sometimes you have to say Im disabled, thereforeRead MoreThe Gender Construction And Distinctions Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesPerdue’s topic is the gender construction and distinctions in Cherokee Indian society, the traditional roles that women played and how cultural progression affected them specifically. Cherokee women lived in a world that was disrupted by trade and war which resulted in a shifting for both male and female roles in their community. With the arrival of Europeans, the significance of trade and warfare, men became the focus of clan livelihood thereby brining about changes in the traditional matrilineal

Trust and Equity Law Instruments of Fraud

Question: Describe about the Trust and Equity Law of Instruments of Fraud. Answer: In the given situation Sanjeev prior to his death had made a valid will and bequeathed upon his daughter Ishani the farm on the Isle of Wright together with all its contents and to Amal his cousin all of 30,000 shares in Harcombe Plc. Darshan and Jamil, on the other hand, claim that prior to his death Sanjeev had promised Darshan the farm on the Isle of Wright by way of writing and to Jamil the 30,000 shares in Harcombe Plc. As per Amal, however, the share transfer forms had already been completed by Sanjeev in his favor, and was awaiting only the confirmation the Board of Directors of the Company. The Law of Probate states that a testator who wants to leave behind his property in a trust must mention the same as his intention in the will. However, there may be a secret trust in the event that the testator is not willing to name the beneficiary in whose favour he wants to leave behind the property publicly. In this situation on the will he makes the gift of the property to the beneficiaries named therein however mentions it to them then they shall be holding the property in favour of beneficiaries who are unnamed. There have been doctrinal difficulties with the secret trust recognition as there is contravention that is apparent with the Wills Act 1837, Section 9. It is required under this Section that all testamentary dispositions are to be signed by the testator and should be in writing along with the witness. Thus in the given case of Sanjeev's testimony, it is possible that there is a secret trust that has been formed by Sanjeev in the favour of Darshan and Jameel. This secr et trust is primarily of two types (a) a fully secret trust the fully seceret trust's validity had been accepted and established in the case of McCormick vs. Gorgan[1] by the House of Lords and (b) a half secret trust is a trust where the existence of the same appears in the will. However, there are no formal terms that appear in it. In the given situation of Darsh and Jameel, it could be a fully secret however there are certain criterions that need to be complied with for it to be a secret trust, in the given case for the trust to exist all the criterions have not been satisfied. In a trust that is fully secret trust the will of trust and its terms are not mentioned in the will. The oral evidence of trustee and testator is sufficient generally in these kinds of trust. However, there should be an intention on the part of the testator for the creation of such trust. However, it must be noted that in the case of such trust it is necessary that there should be communication of the intention to the trustee, and either impliedly or expressly there must be acceptance by the trustee of the same. There must have been an intention on the part of the testator to create a trust in this form, and there must have been communication of the trust and its terms to the trustee who has been proposed prior to the will's execution, these terms also should have been accepted by the trustee. It was held in the case of Blackwell vs. Blackwell[2] that there are three necessary elements to this secret trust (a) intention, (b) communication and (c) acquiescence. The intention of the testator is that the entire gift should be utilized in a manner of his will and not the desires of the done, this intention is told to the donee and either by way of tacit or express promise which is indicated through acquiescence, there is encouragement by the proposed done for bequeathing of money in the faith that there is a carrying out of the intention. However due to there being a lack of evidence with respect to the terms and existence there is a slight awkwardness in fully secret trust.[3] The test for proving whether a fully secret trust was in existence was set out in the case of Ottaway vs. Norman[4]. This test it that the person to whom there is an imposition of the trust is the primary donee' and under the trust the beneficiary will be the secondary donee'. Elements that are essentia l to be proved are (i) there must have been an intention on the part of the testator for subjecting the primary donee with the obligation which is in the secondary donee's favour; (ii) the intention should be communicated to the primary donee; and (iii) the obligation must be accepted by the primary donee wither by acquiescence. It however not material whether the elements succeed or precede the donor's will. Therefore for a fully secret trust to valid, it is to be proved that an intention was there to create the trust which was communicated to the trustee, and these obligations had been accepted by the trustee. Intention as one of the requirements applies to the fully secret trusts in the same manner as it applies to other trusts.[5] The second requirement is that of communication to the trustee of both the terms as well as the secret trust to the trustee this may be done after the will has been written however it must be prior to the death of the person[6] if there is no communication then the trust would be void. Kay J. in the case of Re Boyes[7] opined that communication means that there should be a chance given to the trustee for refusing the office, and as such, after death, the same cannot be done.[8] Lastly, it is necessary that the trustee accepts his office. In the case Wallgrave vs. Tebbs[9] the two manners in which this could be done was set out by Wood VC when he stated[10] that where a person knows that disposition is being made by testator in his favour the intention of the same is application for purposes that are for benefits other than his, either promises expressly, or by implied silence that the intention of the testator shall be carried out in this effect it is upon the faith of that understan ding or promise that the property is left to him[11]. Therefore the communication of the acceptance can be in two ways either by direct stating of the trustee of his acceptance or by not denying implying the same.[12] In the case of Darshan and Jameel, the claim of a secret trust would be difficult to establish as their needs to be compliance with the three requirements as set down in the cases of Ottaway and Blackwell. However it seems from the facts of the case mentioned that there was no intimation that was given and in a fully secret trust where in there are no words that impose the trust in the case that there is no communication to the legatee during the lifetime of the testator then the will shall taken effect as being to the legate a beneficial gift.[13] Also it seems that there was no opportunity that was given to the beneficiaries under the Ishani and Amal and as given in the case of Re Boyes wherein it was opined that two documents that were unattested would not be sufficient for constitution communication of the trust's terms as there was no opportunity that was given to the trustee for refusing the same. Similarly in Darshan and Jameel's case though there is a written letter and a bla nk share transfer form which as claimed by them had been handed over to them by Sanjeev however these are unattested documents and there is no proof that similar intimation had been given to Ishani and Amal as well. Thus, it can be stated that in the case of Jameel and Darshan the only requirement that is being fulfilled is that of intention of the testator. However from the facts, it seems that the same has not been communicated, and neither has there been acceptance of this trust. The intention has however been established with certainty as he has given in writing to Darsh the farm at the Isle of Wright and to however what is not clearly indicated that Sanjeev wanted to appoint Ishani and Amal as primary donee to hold as the trust for Jameel and Darshan. In the case Re Snowden[14] it was held that communication must be of both the terms of the trust and the facts of the trust, communicating the trusts extent and this communication is required to be made before the testators death.[15] It is required for the trustee intended to accept to hold the property as trust. In Jameel and Darshans case from the fact it seems that both Ishani and Amal had not been made aware of the fact that the property was to be held in trust and that there was intention on the part of Sanjeev to have it transferred to Jameel and Darshan, due to lack of evidence regarding the same it would be difficult to establish that a secret trust existed in favour of Jameel and Darshan. There are however two theories that can be used to justify the situation for Jameel and Darshan. The first theory is the fraud theory. This theory is based on the fact that the statute shall not be permitted by equity to be used as an instrument of fraud. The denial of trust is prevented under the operation of fraud theory based on statutory formalities that are unsatisfactory. It was in the case of Rouchefoucauld v. Boustead[16] that this theory gained support. The other theory is that of Dehors the Will Theory which it is argued that the operation of the secret trust is outside the will. However, both these theories are very unreliable with respect to the acceptance of evidence and cannot be relied on in this case as there is no evidence of the fact that there was communication with the donee under the will Ishani and Amal that such trust would exist. In conclusion, it can be stated that there was no secret trust between the parties as, if there is a secret trust, it is necessary that there should be some kind of evidence for making it enforceable. This can be a written or oral evidence but as in an express trust must clearly indicate that there is an intention for the creation of the trust.[17] Just mere hope or words that are precatory are not sufficient.[18] In the case of Jameel and Amal, it can be said that there was a mere hope that a secret trust would exist but not enough evidence to prove the same. Further as discussed communication is an essential party the trustee must be made aware of the trust otherwise the conscience of the trustee would not be bound. Agreement to such terms is also necessary. As in the case of Wallgrave v Tebbs[19] where no communication was made to Mr. Martin and Mr. Tebbs that they would be holding the property as trustee, and it was only after the death of the testator that this fact emerged it w as opined that they would be holding the property absolutely. Thus where there no establishment of a secret trust the beneficiary under the will shall hold outright, however, if the terms of the trust are not known but the fact that the secret trust exists is known then the would-be trustee will embrace on consequential trust for the estate of the testator.[20] It is advisable that Jameel and Darshan bring in evidence indicating that both Ishani and Amal were communicated of transfer of property and that they had accepted that they would only been the beneficiaries under the will and acting as a trustee for Darshan and Amal, without such proof there would be no claim that Darshan and Amal can have over the property bequeathed to Ishani and Amal under the will. References Critchley P, 'Instruments Of Fraud, Testamentary Dispositions And The Doctrine Of Secret Trusts' [2000] Law Quarterly Review Goldsworth J, 'Case Note: Half Secret Trusts: The Beginning Of A Change?' (1999) 5 Trusts Trustees Haley M and McMurtry L,Equity Trusts(Sweet Maxwell 2006) Hudson A,Equity And Trusts(Routledge-Cavendish 2007) Mee J, 'Half-Secret Trusts In England And Ireland' [2009] Conveyancer and Property Lawyer Pettit P,Equity And The Law Of Trusts(11th edn, Butterworths 2009) Blackwell vs Blackwell[1929] AC 218 McCormick vs Gorgan[1869] LR 4 HL 82 Iain McDonald and Anne Street, Equity Trusts (Oxford University Press 2009). Ottaway vs Norman[1972] 2 WLR 50 E Penner, The Law Of Trusts (Oxford University Press 2006). Re Boyes[1884] 26 Ch D 531 Re Snowden[1979] 2 All ER 172) Rouchefoucauld v Boustead[1897] 1 Ch 196 Wallgrave v Tebbs[1855] 2 K J 313 Wilkie M, Malcolm R and Luxton P, Equity Trusts (Oxford University Press 2004) [1] McCormick vs Gorgan [1869] LR 4 HL 82. [2] Blackwell vs Blackwell [1929] AC 218. [3] Margaret Wilkie, Rosalind Malcolm and Peter Luxton, Equity Trusts (Oxford University Press 2004). [4] Ottaway vs Norman [1972] 2 WLR 50. [5] Alastair Hudson, Equity And Trusts (Routledge-Cavendish 2007). [6] John Mee, 'Half-Secret Trusts In England And Ireland' [2009] Conveyancer and Property Lawyer. [7] Re Boyes [1884] 26 Ch D 531. [8] Supra 4 [9] Wallgrave vs Tebbs [1855] 25 LJ Ch 241. [10] Ibid [11] Supra 4 at 278 [12] Supra 4 at 279 [13] Michael A Haley and Lara McMurtry, Equity Trusts (Sweet Maxwell 2006). [14] Re Snowden [1979] 2 All ER 172). [15] McDonald I and Street A, Equity Trusts (Oxford University Press 2009) [16] Rouchefoucauld v Boustead [1897] 1 Ch 196. [17] Philip Henry Pettit, Equity And The Law Of Trusts (11th edn, Butterworths 2009). [18] Supra 12 [19] Wallgrave v Tebbs [1855] 2 K J 313. [20] P. Critchley, 'Instruments Of Fraud, Testamentary Dispositions And The Doctrine Of Secret Trusts' [2000] Law Quarterly Review.