Narrative Structure Essay Example for Free

Narrative Structure Essay The simple folksy dialogue between the two younger siblings hazel and George is very effective in downplaying their intelligence. With lines such as â€Å"that was doozy† or when George explains the sound he heard by saying â€Å" sounded like somebody hitting a milk bottle with a ball peen hammer† George being so above average in intelligence has a mental handicap radio in his ear that beeps every 20 seconds in order to prevent him from taking unfair advantage of his thoughts. These conversations are simple and believable despite the absurd 20 second beeping George must experience, Vonnegut does not have to say this is absurd as it is interpreted by readers through dialogue. The story follows diachronic order, Harrison is taken away from his family, then escapes jail and declares himself emperor, is shot down by Diana Moon Glampers and the story ends with the Bergerons watching this all on TV yet displaying not emotions to their death of their own son with the exception of Hazel’s tears although she herself has no idea why she is crying. Synchronic order is not common as the story aims to focus Narrative Structure See more: what is narrative writing The simple folksy dialogue between the two younger siblings hazel and George is very effective in downplaying their intelligence. With lines such as â€Å"that was doozy† or when George explains the sound he heard by saying â€Å" sounded like somebody hitting a milk bottle with a ball peen hammer† George being so above average in intelligence has a mental handicap radio in his ear that beeps every 20 seconds in order to prevent him from taking unfair advantage of his thoughts. These conversations are simple and believable despite the absurd 20 second beeping George must experience, Vonnegut does not have to say this is absurd as it is interpreted by readers through dialogue. The story follows diachronic order, Harrison is taken away from his family, then escapes jail and declares himself emperor, is shot down by Diana Moon Glampers and the story ends with the Bergerons watching this all on TV yet displaying not emotions to their death of their own son with the exception of Hazel’s tears although she herself has no idea why she is crying. Synchronic order is not common as the story aims to focus Kurt Vonnegut’s short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† both mimics and satirizes the way Americans came to see the enemy – socialism/communism and, specifically the Soviet Union during the cold war, which peaked at its height of distrust and fear in the late 1950-60’s during which this story was written. It explores the theory of â€Å"tall poppy syndrome†, when people of brilliance or exceptional ability are brought down, criticized or cut due to the idea humans are unable to accept someone else being placed on a higher pedestal. As the story’s main concept is enforcing equality among all human beings by giving those with better traits handicaps in order to create a balanced level of intelligence and beauty among all. The short story draws upon a controversial speech made by Newton Minow titled â€Å"The Vast Wasteland† in it he explained that instead of challenging people to think, television programming was making it easier for people to avoid serious thought. Within the story of Harrison Bergeron television is used as a time filler, a method of preventing average people from thinking, similar to Minow’s description. Kurt Vonnegut’s short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron† both mimics and satirizes the way Americans came to see the enemy – socialism/communism and, specifically the Soviet Union during the cold war, which peaked at its height of distrust and fear in the late 1950-60’s during which this story was written. It explores the theory of â€Å"tall poppy syndrome†, when people of brilliance or exceptional ability are brought down, criticized or cut due to the idea humans are unable to accept someone else being placed on a higher pedestal. As the story’s main concept is enforcing equality among all human beings by giving those with better traits handicaps in order to create a balanced level of intelligence and beauty among all. The short story draws upon a controversial speech made by Newton Minow titled â€Å"The Vast Wasteland† in it he explained that instead of challenging people to think, television programming was making it easier for people to avoid serious thought. Within the story of Harrison Bergeron television is used as a time filler, a method of preventing average people from thinking, similar to Minow’s description. Due to the amount of speech within the narrative analepsis is rarely used, however prolepsis is seen at the beginning of the story in the introduction where it reads â€Å" THE YEAR WAS 2081, and everybody was finally equal† and through the line â€Å"some things about the living still weren’t quite right though†/ As both these lines have significant meaning to the conflict that is about to arise. Both of these being â€Å"proleptic† details. The story follows a diagetic sequence and has lineal progression. The narrator begins the story with informing readers that the human race has come to live in equality yet then reveals how this equality leads to the conflict created by Harrison Bergeron and so on leads to his escape and murder one event following the other. Due to the amount of speech within the narrative analepsis is rarely used, however prolepsis is seen at the beginning of the story in the introduction where it reads â€Å" THE YEAR WAS 2081, and everybody was finally equal† and through the line â€Å"some things about the living still weren’t quite right though†/ As both these lines have significant meaning to the conflict that is about to arise. Both of these being â€Å"proleptic† details. The story follows a diagetic sequence and has lineal progression. The narrator begins the story with informing readers that the human race has come to live in equality yet then reveals how this equality leads to the conflict created by Harrison Bergeron and so on leads to his escape and murder one event following the other. on the achievement of equality among all in the current year 2081 and not reflect on the past where social order and class were present. Aspects that had previously â€Å"ruined† society. We are introduced to the primary narrative through the line â€Å" THE YEAR WAS 2081, and everybody was finally equal†. Providing readers with the concept that equality has been achieved, the secondary narrative embedded within the story would be the tale of Harrison Bergeron, who strives to change the perspective that all humans must live accordingly by escaping jail and declaring that he is to be emperor, placing himself upon a pedestal above others. The narrative is single ended as we finish on a conversation between Hazel and George rather than re-visiting the beginning of the narrative and further explaining how equality had come to be achieved. on the achievement of equality among all in the current year 2081 and not reflect on the past where social order and class were present. Aspects that had previously â€Å"ruined† society. We are introduced to the primary narrative through the line â€Å" THE YEAR WAS 2081, and everybody was finally equal†. Providing readers with the concept that equality has been achieved, the secondary narrative embedded within the story would be the tale of Harrison Bergeron, who strives to change the perspective that all humans must live accordingly by escaping jail and declaring that he is to be emperor, placing himself upon a pedestal above others. The narrative is single ended as we finish on a conversation between Hazel and George rather than re-visiting the beginning of the narrative and further explaining how equality had come to be achieved. * Harrison Bergeron: possess intelligence so immense that at the beginning of the story the Handicapper General has him arrested on suspicion of â€Å"plotting to overthrow the government†. Harrison’s actions suggest an ironic theme: corruptive power. Following his escape Harrison repeats government errors by establishing himself as emperor. Had his death not occurred these acts of rebellion would send society back to the â€Å"dark ages† of social and individual competition. * George Bergeron: Harrisons father bears a number of handicaps that suppress his above average intelligence. He refuses to remove any of them abiding by the law as he believes any attempt to alter life as it is will cause civilization to regress back to times of war and argument due to difference between human beings. * Hazel Bergeron- Harrisons mother does not wear any handicaps, as she possesses â€Å"normal† intelligence, appearance and strength. In this story however â€Å"normal† means one is incompetent or unable to fathom anything beyond that which is superficial. Her dialogue with her husband makes reference towards the comedic team of George Burns and Gracie Allen a comedy show from which Vonnegut was said to have learnt all his social and political idealisms from. * Diana Moon Glampers- The United States handicapper kills Harrison Bergeron by shotgun as he threatens to disrupt civilization. She ruthlessly maintains law and order without due process. A lot of the story takes place in what is unsaid and can be read between the lines and subtle dialogues of the main characters. When Hazel Bergeron said, I think Id make a good Handicapper General , her husband replied, Good as anybody else. The reader will surmise that meant it quite literally because in the story everyone is equal, so the idea of being better than anyone else, of competition, was nonexistent. This is an example of Explict characterization. * Harrison Bergeron: possess intelligence so immense that at the beginning of the story the Handicapper General has him arrested on suspicion of â€Å"plotting to overthrow the government†. Harrison’s actions suggest an ironic theme: corruptive power. Following his escape Harrison repeats government errors by establishing himself as emperor. Had his death not occurred these acts of rebellion would send society back to the â€Å"dark ages† of social and individual competition. * George Bergeron: Harrisons father bears a number of handicaps that suppress his above average intelligence. He refuses to remove any of them abiding by the law as he believes any attempt to alter life as it is will cause civilization to regress back to times of war and argument due to difference between human beings. * Hazel Bergeron- Harrisons mother does not wear any handicaps, as she possesses â€Å"normal† intelligence, appearance and strength. In this story however â€Å"normal† means one is incompetent or unable to fathom anything beyond that which is superficial. Her dialogue with her husband makes reference towards the comedic team of George Burns and Gracie Allen a comedy show from which Vonnegut was said to have learnt all his social and political idealisms from. * Diana Moon Glampers- The United States handicapper kills Harrison Bergeron by shotgun as he threatens to disrupt civilization. She ruthlessly maintains law and order without due process. A lot of the story takes place in what is unsaid and can be read between the lines and subtle dialogues of the main characters. When Hazel Bergeron said, I think Id make a good Handicapper General , her husband replied, Good as anybody else. The reader will surmise that meant it quite literally because in the story everyone is equal, so the idea of being better than anyone else, of competition, was nonexistent. This is an example of Explict characterization. Characterization Characterization Story is told in third-person limited point of view, the narrator is not a character within the story but is privy to the thoughts of one character. He is a â€Å"covert† narrator, un-identified yet still able to narrate the thoughts and feelings of characters. The narrator does not draw conclusion, make decisions or make judgments about the events. The objectivity of the narrator suggests a distancing from the hostile world of the story. The narration is heterodiegtic, an omniscient narrator meaning he has a detailed overview of what is happening in the story at the present time as well as an insight into the thoughts and feelings of other characters. Internal and External focalization are both present throughout the narrative. Internal focalization is seen through George: â€Å" he tried to think a little about the ballerinas. They weren’t really any better than anyone else would have been anyway†. External focalization is seen through the television announcer: â€Å"and she had to apologize for her voice at once, which was a very unfair voice for a women to use. Her voice was a warm luminous timeless melody†. This short story is both mimetic and diegetic, an example of diegesis would be â€Å" TH YEARS WAS 2081, and everybody was finally equal†. As it summarizes the events leading to the major concept of equality. An example of mimesis would be â€Å"nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else. The narrator is reliable third person, omniscient. Story is told in third-person limited point of view, the narrator is not a character within the story but is privy to the thoughts of one character. He is a â€Å"covert† narrator, un-identified yet still able to narrate the thoughts and feelings of characters. The narrator does not draw conclusion, make decisions or make judgments about the events. The objectivity of the narrator suggests a distancing from the hostile world of the story. The narration is heterodiegtic, an omniscient narrator meaning he has a detailed overview of what is happening in the story at the present time as well as an insight into the thoughts and feelings of other characters. Internal and External focalization are both present throughout the narrative. Internal focalization is seen through George: â€Å" he tried to think a little about the ballerinas. They weren’t really any better than anyone else would have been anyway†. External focalization is seen through the television announcer: â€Å"and she had to apologize for her voice at once, which was a very unfair voice for a women to use. Her voice was a warm luminous timeless melody†. This short story is both mimetic and diegetic, an example of diegesis would be â€Å" TH YEARS WAS 2081, and everybody was finally equal†. As it summarizes the events leading to the major concept of equality. An example of mimesis would be â€Å"nobody was smarter than anybody else. Nobody was better looking than anybody else. Nobody was stronger or quicker than anybody else. Strength, talent, brains and beauty to a common standard. It seems today everyone wishes to be like someone else, everyone wants to be accepted and people will go to extremities to do this. One common factor is working out. Gyms are continually advertised everywhere, owning your own gym equipment is affordable and physical education is a required subject throughout school. We are attracted to strength because it is needed to survive. Yet it is not because we need strength that we are attracted to it vanity plays a large part. TV shows such as â€Å"Biggest Loser† and â€Å"Survivour† reward those who help you reach your standard of beauty , and although we do not place handicaps on those who are stronger we have created the desire for everyone to beequal in the area. It might not be the same as weighting everybody down to be equally â€Å"bad,† but enhancing everybody to make them equally â€Å"good† is still removing diversity; it is still conformity, only, perhaps, in a more pleasing way. Strength, talent, brains and beauty to a common standard. It seems today everyone wishes to be like someone else, everyone wants to be accepted and people will go to extremities to do this. One common factor is working out. Gyms are continually advertised everywhere, owning your own gym equipment is affordable and physical education is a required subject throughout school. We are attracted to strength because it is needed to survive. Yet it is not because we need strength that we are attracted to it vanity plays a large part. TV shows such as â€Å"Biggest Loser† and â€Å"Survivour† reward those who help you reach your standard of beauty , and although we do not place handicaps on those who are stronger we have created the desire for everyone to beequal in the area. It might not be the same as weighting everybody down to be equally â€Å"bad,† but enhancing everybody to make them equally â€Å"good† is still removing diversity; it is still conformity, only, perhaps, in a more pleasing way. Values and Morals The values and morals expressed in Harrison Bergeron are those that surround us daily. For example some schools play down the dumbest in order to pass the most, and in the process neglect the brightest, denying them the full advantages of their education and compromising their future. Society nowadays is conforming our strength Values and Morals The values and morals expressed in Harrison Bergeron are those that surround us daily. For example some schools play down the dumbest in order to pass the most, and in the process neglect the brightest, denying them the full advantages of their education and compromising their future. Society nowadays is conforming our strength Nunc urna lorem, gravida vel, sollicitudin in, dignissim in, nunc Nunc urna lorem, gravida vel, sollicitudin in, dignissim in, nunc Etiam pharetra, elit a aliquam ultrices, nisl quam viverra felis, non tincidunt eros leo non sapien. Pellentesque pretium nunc id nunc. Phasellus eget felis. Mauris euismod, velit nec facilisis gravida, tortor justo consectetuer diam, id venenatis diam orci vel leo. Suspendisse ut massa et lacus faucibus imperdiet. Nulla felis orci, iaculis sed, euismod ac, egestas in, odio. Suspendisse consequat velit eu enim. Quisque quis nisl. Cras ac libero varius dui porta nonummy. Duis tincidunt, quam vitae cursus aliquet, nisi arcu consectetuer orci, vitae condimentum dui nisi quis diam. Aliquam erat volutpat. Morbi sodales. Cras commodo, purus et tempor mollis, orci est venenatis tortor, in rutrum nibh neque sed purus. Aenean leo ante, commodo non, molestie id, fringilla sit amet, dui. Ut a mi. Nulla nisi nisi, blandit non, sollicitudin non, faucibus sed, ante. Nullam vitae libero. Nulla posuere, augue a gravida molestie, leo tellus euismod lorem, ut suscipit nisl tortor interdum arcu. Duis leo nunc, congue in, aliquet ac, pretium sagittis, elit. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Phasellus in sem. Curabitur auctor fermentum elit. Fusce et dolor. Cras pretium nonummy justo. Vivamus pretium, massa et consequat consectetuer, massa nisi ullamcorper lectus, et luctus magna sem in velit. Cras egestas. Integer neque. Fusce sapien turpis, vulputate a, fermentum a, porta in, massa. Cras at quam. Donec hendrerit volutpat leo. Praesent lobortis. Morbi tincidunt mollis dolor. Nulla malesuada, tortor ut auctor pulvinar, ligula felis ultricies pede, et porttitor mi purus tristique mi. Vestibulum nec nisl sed odio semper auctor. Curabitur convallis elit id augue sollicitudin mattis. Sed ipsum. Sed in leo non nisl sollicitudin faucibus. Aliquam pharetra semper arcu. Proin ut ante. Integer consequat sapien quis nunc convallis posuere. Vestibulum in nunc a risus laoreet tempus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. In consectetuer ligula ac tellus. Phasellus sit amet tortor. Nunc ultricies, orci ac placerat iaculis, neque ligula sodales metus, vel sollicitudin nibh sem ac lacus. Aenean iaculis. Quisque vitae nibh. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Quisque tortor ligula, elementum sed, facilisis ut, auctor vitae, erat. Cras in justo nec ipsum vulputate faucibus. Integer consequat augue ut dolor. Fusce congue. Nam ut enim nec velit tincidunt posuere. Vivamus dui. Vestibulum sagittis rutrum justo. Donec vel velit elementum diam consectetuer lobortis. Nunc hendrerit, leo in sodales ornare, nisi dolor ullamcorper felis, vel sollicitudin enim ipsum sed nulla. Donec sit amet urna non augue pellentesque fermentum. Cras varius risus auctor tellus. Vivamus venenatis tincidunt ligula. Praesent a turpis. Duis tempus, lorem eget imperdiet condimentum, magna mauris ornare turpis, vitae dapibus pede sem lacinia sapien. Nulla ut eros eu nisi suscipit sodales. Suspendisse lobortis. Vestibulum accumsan ante id erat. Etiam pharetra, elit a aliquam ultrices, nisl quam viverra felis, non tincidunt eros leo non sapien. Pellentesque pretium nunc id nunc. Phasellus eget felis. Mauris euismod, velit nec facilisis gravida, tortor justo consectetuer diam, id venenatis diam orci vel leo. Suspendisse ut massa et lacus faucibus imperdiet. Nulla felis orci, iaculis sed, euismod ac, egestas in, odio. Suspendisse consequat velit eu enim. Quisque quis nisl. Cras ac libero varius dui porta nonummy. Duis tincidunt, quam vitae cursus aliquet, nisi arcu consectetuer orci, vitae condimentum dui nisi quis diam. Aliquam erat volutpat. Morbi sodales. Cras commodo, purus et tempor mollis, orci est venenatis tortor, in rutrum nibh neque sed purus. Aenean leo ante, commodo non, molestie id, fringilla sit amet, dui. Ut a mi. Nulla nisi nisi, blandit non, sollicitudin non, faucibus sed, ante. Nullam vitae libero. Nulla posuere, augue a gravida molestie, leo tellus euismod lorem, ut suscipit nisl tortor interdum arcu. Duis leo nunc, congue in, aliquet ac, pretium sagittis, elit. Cum sociis natoque penatibus et magnis dis parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus. Phasellus in sem. Curabitur auctor fermentum elit. Fusce et dolor. Cras pretium nonummy justo. Vivamus pretium, massa et consequat consectetuer, massa nisi ullamcorper lectus, et luctus magna sem in velit. Cras egestas. Integer neque. Fusce sapien turpis, vulputate a, fermentum a, porta in, massa. Cras at quam. Donec hendrerit volutpat leo. Praesent lobortis. Morbi tincidunt mollis dolor. Nulla malesuada, tortor ut auctor pulvinar, ligula felis ultricies pede, et porttitor mi purus tristique mi. Vestibulum nec nisl sed odio semper auctor. Curabitur convallis elit id augue sollicitudin mattis. Sed ipsum. Sed in leo non nisl sollicitudin faucibus. Aliquam pharetra semper arcu. Proin ut ante. Integer consequat sapien quis nunc convallis posuere. Vestibulum in nunc a risus laoreet tempus. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. In consectetuer ligula ac tellus. Phasellus sit amet tortor. Nunc ultricies, orci ac placerat iaculis, neque ligula sodales metus, vel sollicitudin nibh sem ac lacus. Aenean iaculis. Quisque vitae nibh. Pellentesque habitant morbi tristique senectus et netus et malesuada fames ac turpis egestas. Quisque tortor ligula, elementum sed, facilisis ut, auctor vitae, erat. Cras in justo nec ipsum vulputate faucibus. Integer consequat augue ut dolor. Fusce congue. Nam ut enim nec velit tincidunt posuere. Vivamus dui. Vestibulum sagittis rutrum justo. Donec vel velit elementum diam consectetuer lobortis. Nunc hendrerit, leo in sodales ornare, nisi dolor ullamcorper felis, vel sollicitudin enim ipsum sed nulla. Donec sit amet urna non augue pellentesque fermentum. Cras varius risus auctor tellus. Vivamus venenatis tincidunt ligula. Praesent a turpis. Duis tempus, lorem eget imperdiet condimentum, magna mauris ornare turpis, vitae dapibus pede sem lacinia sapien. Nulla ut eros eu nisi suscipit sodales. Suspendisse lobortis. Vestibulum accumsan ante id erat. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In vestibulum accumsan quam. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Fusce vitae ipsum vehicula neque vehicula mattis. Pellentesque bibendum scelerisque ligula. Nulla ut nisl at nulla condimentum facilisis. Etiam commodo nulla non turpis. Sed a justo. Aenean gravida. Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; In vestibulum accumsan quam. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Fusce vitae ipsum vehicula neque vehicula mattis. Pellentesque bibendum scelerisque ligula. Nulla ut nisl at nulla condimentum facilisis. Etiam commodo nulla non turpis. Sed a justo. Aenean gravida. Suspendisse potenti!

Operation Barbarossa - Hitlers Russian Offensive :: World War II History

Operation Barbarossa - Hitler's Russian Offensive The Russians Would never have joined the war if it weren't for the German invasion of 1941 - Operation Barbarossa. This parallels the USA intervention - they only joined because the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbour. Operation Barbarossa commenced on the 22nd June, 1941. Just over 3,000,000 German troops invaded the USSR. Stalin doubted the country ability to perform well on the battlefield since the Finnish War, refused to counteract the Germans preparations, for fear of provoking them into war. The Russians concluded that the German form of attack - The Blitzkrieg - would not be possible on Russia. The German infantry outnumbered the Russian, but the Russians had more artillery and aviation forces. The Russian infantry was told that it was not to retreat, do was destined to become destroyed or captured. The Germans set up 3 army groups, and assigned them to 3 different areas:- North - Leningrad Central - Moscow South - Kyyiv The generals agreed that they had to lock the Russian forces into battle, in order to prevent them escaping into the rest of the vast country. However, they disagreed on how to do this. The majority of them thought that they would sacrifice everything to protect Moscow; the capital; the centre of industry; the centre of all the networks and transport. Hitler disagreed. He believed that the Ukrainian area - for its resources - and the oil of the Caucasus were much more crucial. A compromise was made. Army Group Centre would march towards Moscow. The victory was predicted for ten weeks ahead. This timing was crucial because it would be impossible to fight once the short Russian summer had ended. Things seemed to happen a lot faster. In the first month Germans had already encircled Bialystok and Minsk, and on August 5th, the Germans crossed the Dnepr River, the last natural obstruction to Moscow. The group defeated a small force in Smolensk, capturing another 300,000. When it had reached Smolensk, it was two-thirds of the way there. Hitler decided to change plan. He sent the group north to help the other two groups, ignoring the generals' protests, thereby stopping the advance to Moscow. On September 8th Army Group North had, together with the Finnish army, brought Leningrad to siege. On September 16th Army Group South had captured Kyyiv, with 665,000 prisoners.

Mechanics and Newton’s Law

For billion of years, the Earth has been tirelessly orbiting around the Sun. This repetitive motion was kept by the virtue of gravitational force. And for us to understand the whole story about this, we need not to travel away from the Earth. Instead we just study these things in our planet. We can study them by relating the motions of vehicles in a curved road, a plane making a landing on the airport, and many more. And we can understand all of these through Physics and its branch Mechanics. Physics is the study of the basic principles that include light and matter, in order to discover and understand these implications of these laws, we can use the scientific method. There assumptions that there are rules and guidelines that should be followed for the universe to function. And these rules are partially understood by human beings (Crowell 22). While Mechanics is the branch of Physics that deals with the study of motion, matter, force and associated relationships between them (Alinea et al 29). And about 300 years ago, a brilliant mind was able to understand and relate his studies to everything that is concerned and related to the unanswered questions about the universe. This man named Isaac Newton came up with different conclusions and theories that are now fully accepted by the science society. His experiments gave answers to those questions and he left us with more things to think and discover. When he was about 23 years old, Sir Isaac Newton developed theories about gravitation in 1666, he claimed that all things fall to the earth because of a force called gravity keeps everything to be attracted and pulled down to earth. This idea came up when he was seating below an apple tree, then suddenly an apple fell down to his head. And on that day on he wondered why everything falls to the earth. Sir Isaac Newton Concluded that the Force between two mass containing bodies is given by the formula: F=G x (mass1 x mass2)/ (r) (r) Where F= force, G is the gravitational constant which is 6.67 x 10-11 N m2 kg-2, M1 and M2 are the masses of the two objects, and r2 is the square of their distance from each other. This experiment determines the attraction of objects through their masses. We can relate this to large quantities like stars, planets and other heavenly bodies. And even humans have attraction of forces from other things but these forces are very small and negligible in nature. About 20 years later, in 1686, he presented his three laws of motions-the Law of Inertia, the Law of Acceleration, and the Law of Interaction. These laws are to define, study, and understand the principles of forces and their interactions with each other along with other aspects which include acceleration Gravity, mass, and velocity. The first Law of Motion is called the Law of Inertia. It states that when a body is acted upon by a zero net force, the velocity remains constant. This velocity can be either at zero or non-zero magnitude (Alinea et al 35). This means that an object at rest, when acted upon by a zero net force, the object remains at rest. And if a moving object is acted upon by a zero net force, the object remains at that velocity and direction Imagine a car moving in a straight direction, if you exert two equal forces on either sides of the car, which will cancel each other and the result will be a zero net force, the motion of the car will remain the same. And this is also true with objects at zero motion or at rest. A good example of this law in our daily life is when you are sleeping. Assume that when you sleep, you were at zero motion. And your wife suddenly pushed you to the other side of the bed, and the tendency for you is to fall on the floor because the force acted upon you was non-zero. If you have another person on your other side, and that person will exert a force equal to what your wife will exert at the same time but opposite in direction, you will surely not to fall. Newton’s second law of motion was the Law of acceleration. It states that a body acted upon by an external on-zero net force will accelerate. And the net force is mathematically equal to the mass of the body times the acceleration (Alinea et al 35). Newton also made an explanation to the tendency of an object to move when acted by an external non-zero force. He gave the formula F=ma, Where â€Å"F† is the force acted upon the object, â€Å"m† is the mass of the object, and †a† is the acceleration of the object due to the exertion of the force. Experiments also show that the acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass, given by the formula a=F/m. This law explains why objects move when they are hit. An example is the car accident of former senator Rene Saguisag. According to the news, the van of the Mr. Saguisag was hit by a truck and it went about 20 to 30 meters before going stop. The Law of acceleration can explained to what happened to the van. Because the van was hit only in one side, the tendency of the van is to move and accelerate in the direction of the external force acted upon it. Another example is when you are walking down a street and suddenly you was hit by a muscular man about 200 Kilograms, and the tendency is you will move according to the direction that man was going and you will be accelerating due to the force acted upon you by that man. It happens all the time, even between pre-school pupils. The last law of motion is the Law of Interaction. It was stated that if an object A applies a force on another object B, object B is also applying the same amount of force but in opposite direction. And that their net force is zero (Crowell 145). It means that if you exert a force or effort to an object, the object exert the same amount of force but in opposite direction. For example, if you open a door, the door exerts equal amount of force to effort you exert on it. Much like of†what you do to others, they do it unto you†. Now that these laws explain and answer our questions about the universe, we can now relate it from the simplest parts of our daily life to the most complex structure of the universe. And for further analyzing and continuous exploration of the still undiscovered mysteries of the universe, we can develop and sustain answers to future questions that will make us enlighten our minds. And we need to cooperate and be part of the growing family of science that rooted from the intuitive and curiosity of the human brain to gain more knowledge in order to attain the best for our lives. And if I am not mistaken, we deserve to be the beings that were created to be alive. And every mind has the will to understand the whole of life, and what lies behind all those mysteries. And maybe we can account that for our Creator. Works Cited Crowell, Benjamin. Newtonian Physics. California: Light and Matter, 1998 Alinea, Allan L., et al. General Physics I. Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc, 2006 †Newton’s Law of Motion.† 1 December 2007.      

The Issue of Slavery in the New Colonies Essay example

Before the South seceded from the union, from 1850-1861, the issue of slavery in the new territories and in the Union was debated between the North and the South, they had turned to the Constitution for answers, but because it was written to be vague that it did not provide much help other than fueling the debate further. Slavery wasn’t directly mentioned in the constitution, which made it very difficult to determine the Constitutions stand on slavery. In the territories that the Union that acquired, whether slavery would exist or not was another issue of debate, since the expansion of slavery was once again not covered in the Constitution either. In some territories like Kansas popular sovereignty was used to determine if it would be†¦show more content†¦(Doc. A) Popular Sovereignty means that they took a vote on the issue and depending on what the majority wanted it would be free or pro-slavery. â€Å"Bleeding Kansas† occurred in the mid-1850s, Kansas had de cided to use popular sovereignty to decide whether they would have slavery. However, on the day of the vote a swarm of Southerners came into the state and bombarded the polls, Kansas had become a slave state. The Free-Soilers in the state were outraged and even started their own mini-government in Kansas, which was anti-slavery. The North, particularly the Free-soilers had felt that the South was trying to force slavery on the territories. (Doc. F) In 1850 the Compromise of 1850 was passed and it gave Popular Sovereignty to the Utah and New Mexico Territories. (Doc. A) Alongside the Compromise of 1850 the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was passed as well, it was a harsher version of the previous Fugitive Slave Law. It had made it harder for escaped slaves who had fled to the North to remain free. It had even offered a higher payment for the magistrate who had found a Black person to be a fugitive salve instead of a free Black, ten dollars instead of five. There were even posters up in northern cities like Boston warning African Americans to stay away from watchmen and police officers, because they might be arrested for being an alleged fugitive slave. (Doc. C)Show MoreRelatedFederal Government of the United States and Territorial Expansion1101 Words   |  5 Pagessocial development of the New England colonies from 1630 through the 1660s? (Form B) 1. The issue of territorial expansion sparked considerable debate in the period 1800–1855. Analyze this debate and evaluate the influence of both supporters and opponents of territorial expansion in shaping federal government policy. 2009 DBQ: (Form A) From 1775 to 1830, many African Americans gained freedom from slavery, yet during the same period the institution of slavery expanded. Explain why BOTHRead MoreArticle Analysis of The Evolution of Slavery in Colonial America898 Words   |  4 PagesThe Evolution of Slavery In the essay The Evolution of Slavery in Colonial America, author Jon Butler examines the growth of the slave practice in the land which would become the United States. As the European nations began exploring North America, they overtook the native populations of the areas and turned them into unpaid laborers. However, these people were not enough to supply landholders with sufficient aid. To make up the necessary numbers, plantation owners utilized indentured servantsRead MoreFrench Dbq764 Words   |  4 PagesThe issue of slavery has been a major point of debate in the history of man. The rights of African slaves during the Enlightenment and the French Revolution created controversies arose over the issue of slavery. People living in France during the Enlightenment and revolutionary times had debated that slavery was needed in order for France to avoid an economic shock, slavery should end, slaves needed rights, and slaves were better off being slaves than free. Men hadargued that slavery was neededRead MoreSlave Labor : Slavery And Slavery880 Words   |  4 Pagesday the idea of slavery would not be tolerated, however in the first colonies and many years following slavery was common and accepted. America is not the only country to have to use slaves, many countries including Africa had them. As the colonies developed there became more opportunities to own land but the owners needed help tending to the crops. This started the volunteer indentured servitude who were mostly white to work off debt they had accumulated by their travels to the new land. They wereRead MoreHelping the Poor Whites in the Book, American Slavery, American Freedom by Edmund S. Morgan730 Words   |  3 PagesAmerican Slavery, American Freedom was written by Edmund S. Morgan, a professor at Yale University, who was born in 1916 and studied with very well-known professors at Harvard. The book is broken down into four sections: early English colonization, the beginning of a stable colony in Virginia, the indentured servant class and African slaves as a permanent labor. The first book Morgan talks about the relationship between the English colonists and the American Indians who inhabited the land previouslyRead MoreThe American Revolution And Its Effect On American History1537 Words   |  7 Pagesthirteen colonies that helped mold the United States into what it is today. The revolution caused changes in the original colonies’ economics, caused immense changes in slavery, and changed the society of the colonies in general. As a result of the French and Indian war Britain neglected the American colonies. In 1763 Britain decided to end the neglect and parliament turned its attention to a more controlling attitude toward the American colonies. This new found attention to the colonies caused BritishRead MoreThe Economy Of Early America856 Words   |  4 Pageseffect than others, namely slavery, the production of cotton, and the revolutionary war. While many of these economic factors were around through the end of the civil war, there were many changes that took place within the production of these goods that caused the economy to boom, or recess in some situations and time periods. In the early stages of the colonies, Britain s main focus was on the production of cotton and getting a good supply of cotton from the colonies. This extreme focus led toRead MoreThe American Revolution And The Civil War1567 Words   |  7 Pageshow they began. The American Revolution began after long-standing issues between the colonists and Britain over administration of the colonies boiled over. The conflicts, such the power struggle between Britain and the colonies, enactment of new tax laws to pay off Britain’s war debt, and the placement of British troops in colonial soil,† were a result of Britain’s outstanding war debt from the Seven Years’ War. While the issues at hand seemed different for the start of the American Civil War,Read MoreThere Is No Such Thing as Rest: Slavery in Colonial America949 Words   |  4 Pagesformer free man Solomon Northrup was captured and sold into slavery for the period of twelve years. Slavery is now acknowledged as one of the most shameful periods of American history. Slaves were utilized mostly in the American south on the large farms and plantations (Butler 2004). These were heavily agricultural communities which depended on farming to survive and to grow economically and politically. The more product that the Southern colonies were able to harvest and export, logically the more theRead MoreHow Revolutionary Was The Revolution?1197 Words   |  5 Pages Some of these issues were more monumental than others, such as the political problems we faced in the beginning. Political conflict could easily be named the largest problem in early colonial history. Early colonists had to learn from other gov ernments and face the British in order to create a society and to make that society a freer place to live in. There were many sacrifices made in order to develop the colonies and then to create a new nation from these original colonies. The colonists

Eating Disorders Among Different Cultures Annotated...

1.Simpson, K. (2002). Anorexia nervosa and culture. Journal Of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing, 9(1), 65-71. This article describes how unrealistic standards of attractiveness set by Western society are internalized by women from a variety of cultural backgrounds and translated into fat-phobia and body dissatisfaction and then discusses alternative cultural influences for food refusal such as issues of control, acculturation, and religious asceticism. The author claims that there is a need for culturally sensitive questionnaires and diagnostic criteria and suggests that the notion of anorexia as a culture bound syndrome is no longer valid as the illness as been identified in a number of non-western societies. A valid point is made†¦show more content†¦In addition the authors point out that it may be empowering for the client to understand her eating and body concerns in the context of the her socio-political environment. An important component of the therapeutic process is to help these women develop a critical view that will translate into a sense of e mpowerment. Results are limited by the fact that questionnaires used were developed mainly with European American samples and administered online. (Done Treatment) 3.Halliwell, E., Harvey, M. (2006). Examination of a sociocultural model of disordered eating among male and female adolescents. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(1359107), 235-48. The authors use an adaptation of Stice’s (1994) socio-cultural model of disordered eating that includes social comparisons, self-reports of body mass index and perceived weight status and examine how these components affect this model. Data obtained from a sample of 250 girls and 275 boys, ages between 11-16, revealed that pressure to loose weight is linked to eating behavior, social comparison, internalization and body dissatisfaction. Social comparisons were strongly connected to body dissatisfaction for adolescents who considered themselves to be overweight. There were considerable gender discrepancies, with girls being more affected by body dissatisfaction andShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Ruining America?2145 Words   |  9 Pages2013). Many people have blamed this problem on different things, but one of the most obvious and most agreed on reason is the amount of processed food that Americans consume. Processed foods are everywhere in today’s culture. It is impossible to turn on the television or drive anywhere without some type of processed fattening food being forced upon you. Processed food is not only causing obesity and health problems, but is also causing a lazy trend among Americans and wiping out small farms all acrossRead MoreExamining Contending Views on Human Nature: Mancius vs. Xunzi1872 Words   |  8 Pagesa killer’s intentions for committing heinous crimes originate from the fact that he has a tendency towards naturally incompetency, or if outside influences turned a naturally well-to-do individual into a ill-willed murderer. Mencius and Xunzi are among the most notable Confucian scholars, yet their differing views on this philosophical conundrum set them apart. Mencius maintained an optimistic stance on humans, while Xunzi believed that humans were ill-willed by nature and in need of rigorous moralRead MoreThe Impact of Obesity on a Persons Lifestyle3449 Words   |  14 PagesObesity is an issue of public concern because of the threat it has towards the physical and the mental health, to the relationship, development and the overall well being of an individual. It is not only limited to a particular age group, gender, culture or a part of the globe. Instead, every individual is in danger to its bad affects. Research Question To what extent does obesity affect a persons lifestyle? The impact of obesity on health: One of the major consequences of obesity is its impactRead MoreWomens Fitness Magazines Essay5258 Words   |  22 Pagesstrive to obtain in order to be healthy and fit. However, fitness magazines do not always show models with these stats. Fitness magazines, however, have a different image of what the terms fit and healthy mean. When looking through the index of Fitness, many articles show how to lose weight and look good. Shape’s content is not much different. Women with hardly any body fat fill magazines. They all wear revealing outfits which display their sex appeal. With the images shown in fitness magazinesRead MoreInformation Technology Implementation Issues: an Analysis45771 Words   |  184 Pagesparents, James and Marilyn Beaumaster Whose support made this endeavor possible. To my family and friends, Aaron, Tracey, Karen, Keith, Elaine, Laura, Jack, and Caroline All of who were instrumental in helping me achieve this goal in so many different ways. ii Table of Contents Abstract .................................................................................................. page(s) i Dedication...............................................................................Read MoreAdvancing Effective Communicationcommunication, Cultural Competence, and Patient- and Family-Centered Care Quality Safety Equity53293 Words   |  214 PagesThe Joint Commission has made several efforts, both past and present, to better understand individual patients’ needs and to provide guidance for organizations working to address those needs. The Joint Commission first focused on studying language, culture, and health literacy issues, but later expanded its scope of work to include the broader issues of effective communication, cultural competence, and patientand family-centered care (see Table 1, page 2). No longer considered to be simply a patient’sRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words   |  198 Pagesproposals, assuming that the research involved is empirical research in some area of social science. The idea of empirical research is discussed in Section previous page page_1 next page Page 2 1.2.1. The ideas of social science, and of different social science areas which use empirical research, are discussed in Section 1.2.4. To achieve its purpose, the book is organized around three central themes: What is a research proposal, who reads proposals and why (Chapter 2)? How can we go aboutRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 Pagesthe accounting literature, taking forward the British tradition of economic theorizing in financial accounting as well as being a constant source of creative thinking in the management accounting field. Michael has also contributed in a number of different institutional arenas: the academic, of course, but also those of the profession and the wider public sphere. Ever helpful to regulators, the senior civil service, and international agencies, Michael Bromwich is respected for the ways in which he

Cultural Autobiography Of My Life - 1313 Words

Cultural Autobiography How does a person begin to write a narrative of their own life, relating events and ideas back to their own culture? Well, first, I’d like to give some baseline information about myself. I am a white, middle-class, educated, mid-western, Christian female athlete. I come from a traditional family with a mother, father, one brother, and two sisters. Taking those characteristics into account, I would say that I am a privileged member of society, and being privileged has been part of my culture. In addition, the largest influences on my life and worldview were my family, school, church, and the area I grew up. First of all, being in a white, Midwestern, middle class family already put me in the dominant group in†¦show more content†¦I am confident in my religious beliefs, but I also am careful to listen to others who may have opposing views. I think as a society in general, we all could benefit from hearing ideas that contradict and challenge our worldviews in order to better ourselves and the people around us. On another note, I would say my life is very similar in terms of culture to the members of my family. Most of my family is white and middle class, besides one uncle who married into the family who is Ghanaian. My parents both had siblings like me, some type of religious influence, and both received a college education. I inherited many of my skills and hobbies from them as well. As a young female, there have been significant historical events that have affected me as a woman in American society. First of all, the suffrage movement back in the early 1900’s was a huge step in equality between men and women. Having the right to vote was only the first step, and that same mentality of fighting for equality has trickled down through the decade into the feminist movement of today. I believe that people should have equal opportunity, no matter their gender, race, sexuality, or other category. This also ties into what issues are important to me as a woman and a human being. I would ne ver want to work for a company with discriminatory hiring, unequalShow MoreRelatedCultural Autobiography : My Life Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pages CULTURAL AUTOBIOGRAPHY I was born in a small rural village in Western Nepal. A typical unprivileged society of Nepal, my then village was a consortium of poverty, illiteracy, and discrimination. I was a bit fortunate to have born in a middle-class family that could at least boast sufficient resources for subsistence and some savings. For people in my village, the most generous gift that god could bestow was the birthRead MoreEssay Benjamin Franklins Autobiography 1120 Words   |  5 PagesBenjamin Franklins Autobiography as your typical rags to riches tale yet, the truth and falsehood throughout the pages is unknown, raising many questions and concerns. As this book was written in segments over a stretched period of time, we must analyze this account of his life, the struggles and successes which took place, and the outcome of such record in order to appreciate the literary and historical value of Americas Renaissance man, Benjamin Franklin. Enhancing ones life was inherently importantRead MoreSemiautobiographical Work- Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza by Gloria Anzaldà ºa1286 Words   |  6 Pagescomposition would be genre. The genres and literary forms for this book were put into the following categories: semi-autobiography, memoir, poetry (confessional versus conceptual), myths, subjective journalism, Mexican sayings (dichos), critical ethnography, historical narrative, personal narrative, and auto historia. This is a semi-autobiography and a memoir because it is a story of Anzaldà ºa’s life written by her that focuses on the memories of her experiences and feelings, and combines all of this with historicalRead MoreThe Spiritual Autobiography By John Knight955 Words   |  4 Pagesconstruct the spiritual autobiography, I would start with the events, the people and the places that influenced the relationship with God or a higher being. According to Knight, those who were raised in a religious home t heir journey starts at birth and grows through age. (Knight, 2011) Parents who teach their children about God and who pray with them and worship with them have a close relationship with their God. Knight also states that should you find God later in life you may attribute that toRead MoreWes Moore : A Life Sentence For Murder859 Words   |  4 Pagesanother, they slowly begin to diverge in separate direction that ultimately has one of the Wes Moore’s serving a life sentence for murder (Moore, 2011). Wes Moore, the author of the autobiography, begins his story about his parents, and eventually the loss of his father. Which leads to his mother moving him the family to New York to help raise the children while she tries to pull her own life together. After this event, you can see the slow change in Wes Moore as he begins to skip school and commitRead MoreFirstly, Antidiva Is An Autobiography, By Carole Pope1406 Words   |  6 PagesFirstly, Antidiva is an autobiography, written by Carole Pope. Note: this book is not a biography. The key difference between a biography and an autobiography is that, in an autobiography, the author is telling a story about themselves, their own life. As opposed to a biography, where someone write an account of another’s life. Being aware this book is an autobiography is incredibly important if you consider the concepts of â€Å"truth† and reliable narrators. Antidiva is Pope’s account, memories, andRead MoreThe Biology Building A t The University Of North Florida1408 Words   |  6 Pagescourtyard, my favorite place on the whole campus, I will conduct an autoethnography. In my autoethnography I will analyze what about the courtyard I love so much and what those things convey about my relationship with myself and others as well as my position within society. Autoethnographies combine elements of both autobiographies and ethnographies. Specifically, autoethnographies are academic essays that are introspective and narrative-oriented looks at the self, much like autobiographies and memoirsRead MoreMy Beloved World, by Sonia Sotomayor1415 Words   |  6 Pagesinstitutions so the concept of including minorities in higher education was almost non-existent. My Beloved World, by Sonia Sotomayor shows the challenges that a first generation, Puerto Rican, lower socioeconomic female had during this time. Through her autobiography she shows the struggles she faced throughout her life, focusing on her application to college, college experience and insight into her cultural background. My Beloved World present the ideology of White Supremacy and other phenomenon’s such asRead MoreAutobiography of a Face1324 Words   |  6 Pagesidea she might die, even though the survival rate for Ewings sarcoma was only five percent. She does not present her parents as overly afraid for her life, either. Her autobiography is not a story about the fear of death, but about such courage and anguish. Lucy shows how she falls under the spell of her disability, allowing it to control her life and dictate her future to a greater extent than it would otherwise. Having a disability means that sometimes you have to say Im disabled, thereforeRead MoreThe Gender Construction And Distinctions Essay1186 Words   |  5 PagesPerdue’s topic is the gender construction and distinctions in Cherokee Indian society, the traditional roles that women played and how cultural progression affected them specifically. Cherokee women lived in a world that was disrupted by trade and war which resulted in a shifting for both male and female roles in their community. With the arrival of Europeans, the significance of trade and warfare, men became the focus of clan livelihood thereby brining about changes in the traditional matrilineal

Trust and Equity Law Instruments of Fraud

Question: Describe about the Trust and Equity Law of Instruments of Fraud. Answer: In the given situation Sanjeev prior to his death had made a valid will and bequeathed upon his daughter Ishani the farm on the Isle of Wright together with all its contents and to Amal his cousin all of 30,000 shares in Harcombe Plc. Darshan and Jamil, on the other hand, claim that prior to his death Sanjeev had promised Darshan the farm on the Isle of Wright by way of writing and to Jamil the 30,000 shares in Harcombe Plc. As per Amal, however, the share transfer forms had already been completed by Sanjeev in his favor, and was awaiting only the confirmation the Board of Directors of the Company. The Law of Probate states that a testator who wants to leave behind his property in a trust must mention the same as his intention in the will. However, there may be a secret trust in the event that the testator is not willing to name the beneficiary in whose favour he wants to leave behind the property publicly. In this situation on the will he makes the gift of the property to the beneficiaries named therein however mentions it to them then they shall be holding the property in favour of beneficiaries who are unnamed. There have been doctrinal difficulties with the secret trust recognition as there is contravention that is apparent with the Wills Act 1837, Section 9. It is required under this Section that all testamentary dispositions are to be signed by the testator and should be in writing along with the witness. Thus in the given case of Sanjeev's testimony, it is possible that there is a secret trust that has been formed by Sanjeev in the favour of Darshan and Jameel. This secr et trust is primarily of two types (a) a fully secret trust the fully seceret trust's validity had been accepted and established in the case of McCormick vs. Gorgan[1] by the House of Lords and (b) a half secret trust is a trust where the existence of the same appears in the will. However, there are no formal terms that appear in it. In the given situation of Darsh and Jameel, it could be a fully secret however there are certain criterions that need to be complied with for it to be a secret trust, in the given case for the trust to exist all the criterions have not been satisfied. In a trust that is fully secret trust the will of trust and its terms are not mentioned in the will. The oral evidence of trustee and testator is sufficient generally in these kinds of trust. However, there should be an intention on the part of the testator for the creation of such trust. However, it must be noted that in the case of such trust it is necessary that there should be communication of the intention to the trustee, and either impliedly or expressly there must be acceptance by the trustee of the same. There must have been an intention on the part of the testator to create a trust in this form, and there must have been communication of the trust and its terms to the trustee who has been proposed prior to the will's execution, these terms also should have been accepted by the trustee. It was held in the case of Blackwell vs. Blackwell[2] that there are three necessary elements to this secret trust (a) intention, (b) communication and (c) acquiescence. The intention of the testator is that the entire gift should be utilized in a manner of his will and not the desires of the done, this intention is told to the donee and either by way of tacit or express promise which is indicated through acquiescence, there is encouragement by the proposed done for bequeathing of money in the faith that there is a carrying out of the intention. However due to there being a lack of evidence with respect to the terms and existence there is a slight awkwardness in fully secret trust.[3] The test for proving whether a fully secret trust was in existence was set out in the case of Ottaway vs. Norman[4]. This test it that the person to whom there is an imposition of the trust is the primary donee' and under the trust the beneficiary will be the secondary donee'. Elements that are essentia l to be proved are (i) there must have been an intention on the part of the testator for subjecting the primary donee with the obligation which is in the secondary donee's favour; (ii) the intention should be communicated to the primary donee; and (iii) the obligation must be accepted by the primary donee wither by acquiescence. It however not material whether the elements succeed or precede the donor's will. Therefore for a fully secret trust to valid, it is to be proved that an intention was there to create the trust which was communicated to the trustee, and these obligations had been accepted by the trustee. Intention as one of the requirements applies to the fully secret trusts in the same manner as it applies to other trusts.[5] The second requirement is that of communication to the trustee of both the terms as well as the secret trust to the trustee this may be done after the will has been written however it must be prior to the death of the person[6] if there is no communication then the trust would be void. Kay J. in the case of Re Boyes[7] opined that communication means that there should be a chance given to the trustee for refusing the office, and as such, after death, the same cannot be done.[8] Lastly, it is necessary that the trustee accepts his office. In the case Wallgrave vs. Tebbs[9] the two manners in which this could be done was set out by Wood VC when he stated[10] that where a person knows that disposition is being made by testator in his favour the intention of the same is application for purposes that are for benefits other than his, either promises expressly, or by implied silence that the intention of the testator shall be carried out in this effect it is upon the faith of that understan ding or promise that the property is left to him[11]. Therefore the communication of the acceptance can be in two ways either by direct stating of the trustee of his acceptance or by not denying implying the same.[12] In the case of Darshan and Jameel, the claim of a secret trust would be difficult to establish as their needs to be compliance with the three requirements as set down in the cases of Ottaway and Blackwell. However it seems from the facts of the case mentioned that there was no intimation that was given and in a fully secret trust where in there are no words that impose the trust in the case that there is no communication to the legatee during the lifetime of the testator then the will shall taken effect as being to the legate a beneficial gift.[13] Also it seems that there was no opportunity that was given to the beneficiaries under the Ishani and Amal and as given in the case of Re Boyes wherein it was opined that two documents that were unattested would not be sufficient for constitution communication of the trust's terms as there was no opportunity that was given to the trustee for refusing the same. Similarly in Darshan and Jameel's case though there is a written letter and a bla nk share transfer form which as claimed by them had been handed over to them by Sanjeev however these are unattested documents and there is no proof that similar intimation had been given to Ishani and Amal as well. Thus, it can be stated that in the case of Jameel and Darshan the only requirement that is being fulfilled is that of intention of the testator. However from the facts, it seems that the same has not been communicated, and neither has there been acceptance of this trust. The intention has however been established with certainty as he has given in writing to Darsh the farm at the Isle of Wright and to however what is not clearly indicated that Sanjeev wanted to appoint Ishani and Amal as primary donee to hold as the trust for Jameel and Darshan. In the case Re Snowden[14] it was held that communication must be of both the terms of the trust and the facts of the trust, communicating the trusts extent and this communication is required to be made before the testators death.[15] It is required for the trustee intended to accept to hold the property as trust. In Jameel and Darshans case from the fact it seems that both Ishani and Amal had not been made aware of the fact that the property was to be held in trust and that there was intention on the part of Sanjeev to have it transferred to Jameel and Darshan, due to lack of evidence regarding the same it would be difficult to establish that a secret trust existed in favour of Jameel and Darshan. There are however two theories that can be used to justify the situation for Jameel and Darshan. The first theory is the fraud theory. This theory is based on the fact that the statute shall not be permitted by equity to be used as an instrument of fraud. The denial of trust is prevented under the operation of fraud theory based on statutory formalities that are unsatisfactory. It was in the case of Rouchefoucauld v. Boustead[16] that this theory gained support. The other theory is that of Dehors the Will Theory which it is argued that the operation of the secret trust is outside the will. However, both these theories are very unreliable with respect to the acceptance of evidence and cannot be relied on in this case as there is no evidence of the fact that there was communication with the donee under the will Ishani and Amal that such trust would exist. In conclusion, it can be stated that there was no secret trust between the parties as, if there is a secret trust, it is necessary that there should be some kind of evidence for making it enforceable. This can be a written or oral evidence but as in an express trust must clearly indicate that there is an intention for the creation of the trust.[17] Just mere hope or words that are precatory are not sufficient.[18] In the case of Jameel and Amal, it can be said that there was a mere hope that a secret trust would exist but not enough evidence to prove the same. Further as discussed communication is an essential party the trustee must be made aware of the trust otherwise the conscience of the trustee would not be bound. Agreement to such terms is also necessary. As in the case of Wallgrave v Tebbs[19] where no communication was made to Mr. Martin and Mr. Tebbs that they would be holding the property as trustee, and it was only after the death of the testator that this fact emerged it w as opined that they would be holding the property absolutely. Thus where there no establishment of a secret trust the beneficiary under the will shall hold outright, however, if the terms of the trust are not known but the fact that the secret trust exists is known then the would-be trustee will embrace on consequential trust for the estate of the testator.[20] It is advisable that Jameel and Darshan bring in evidence indicating that both Ishani and Amal were communicated of transfer of property and that they had accepted that they would only been the beneficiaries under the will and acting as a trustee for Darshan and Amal, without such proof there would be no claim that Darshan and Amal can have over the property bequeathed to Ishani and Amal under the will. References Critchley P, 'Instruments Of Fraud, Testamentary Dispositions And The Doctrine Of Secret Trusts' [2000] Law Quarterly Review Goldsworth J, 'Case Note: Half Secret Trusts: The Beginning Of A Change?' (1999) 5 Trusts Trustees Haley M and McMurtry L,Equity Trusts(Sweet Maxwell 2006) Hudson A,Equity And Trusts(Routledge-Cavendish 2007) Mee J, 'Half-Secret Trusts In England And Ireland' [2009] Conveyancer and Property Lawyer Pettit P,Equity And The Law Of Trusts(11th edn, Butterworths 2009) Blackwell vs Blackwell[1929] AC 218 McCormick vs Gorgan[1869] LR 4 HL 82 Iain McDonald and Anne Street, Equity Trusts (Oxford University Press 2009). Ottaway vs Norman[1972] 2 WLR 50 E Penner, The Law Of Trusts (Oxford University Press 2006). Re Boyes[1884] 26 Ch D 531 Re Snowden[1979] 2 All ER 172) Rouchefoucauld v Boustead[1897] 1 Ch 196 Wallgrave v Tebbs[1855] 2 K J 313 Wilkie M, Malcolm R and Luxton P, Equity Trusts (Oxford University Press 2004) [1] McCormick vs Gorgan [1869] LR 4 HL 82. [2] Blackwell vs Blackwell [1929] AC 218. [3] Margaret Wilkie, Rosalind Malcolm and Peter Luxton, Equity Trusts (Oxford University Press 2004). [4] Ottaway vs Norman [1972] 2 WLR 50. [5] Alastair Hudson, Equity And Trusts (Routledge-Cavendish 2007). [6] John Mee, 'Half-Secret Trusts In England And Ireland' [2009] Conveyancer and Property Lawyer. [7] Re Boyes [1884] 26 Ch D 531. [8] Supra 4 [9] Wallgrave vs Tebbs [1855] 25 LJ Ch 241. [10] Ibid [11] Supra 4 at 278 [12] Supra 4 at 279 [13] Michael A Haley and Lara McMurtry, Equity Trusts (Sweet Maxwell 2006). [14] Re Snowden [1979] 2 All ER 172). [15] McDonald I and Street A, Equity Trusts (Oxford University Press 2009) [16] Rouchefoucauld v Boustead [1897] 1 Ch 196. [17] Philip Henry Pettit, Equity And The Law Of Trusts (11th edn, Butterworths 2009). [18] Supra 12 [19] Wallgrave v Tebbs [1855] 2 K J 313. [20] P. Critchley, 'Instruments Of Fraud, Testamentary Dispositions And The Doctrine Of Secret Trusts' [2000] Law Quarterly Review.